Erhard Barthmann
[Erhardt Barthman]

Irish–Danish–German Heritage

Overview

Erhard Barthmann data (1829–1914)
Sources: Data from: Iowa Deaths and Burials, 1850–1990, database; FamilySearch, indexed database, Erhardt Barthman, citing Jackson Township, Sac City, Sac county, Iowa, and reference p 78A, Family History Library microfilm 1433315, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XV4R-R9X. Wisconsin Marriages, 1836–1930 (reference ID no. V2 P201 N97, Family History Library microfilm no. 1,275,492), John V. Barthman and Emelie S. Olson, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XR65-SGT.
Names	German name: Erhard Barthmann	Graduation certificate
	American name: Erhardt Barthman	Obituary, Iowa Deaths and Burials
	Variant name: Erhardt Barthmann	Vordorf home, Leaseholders of the Vordorf local hunting reserve
	Variant name: Erhart Barthman	1910 U.S. Census
	Name error: Edward Barthmann	Ship manifest
	Name error: Edward Baethmann	Immigration card
	Name error: Erheart Bordman	1905 Iowa Census
Sex	Male	—
Birth	Date: 26 December 1829	Graduation certificate
Birth	Place: Birk, Kirchenlamitz, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Confederation	Graduation certificate (as Birk)
Death	Date: 7 July 1914 (age 84)	Obituary, Iowa Deaths and Burials
Death	Place: Home, Sac City, Jackson township, Sac county, Iowa, United States	Obituary, Iowa Deaths and Burials
Burial	9 July 1914, Wall Lake, Sac county, Iowa, United States	Obituary, Iowa Deaths and Burials
Parents	Father: John Barthman	Iowa Deaths and Burials (father of deceased) [probably Johann Barthmann]
Parents	Mother: [Unknown]	[Iowa Deaths and Burials gives mother’s maiden name as Strossenrewther, but maiden name of wife is Strossenreuther* (Strößenreuther), so this may be an error.*]
Marriage	Spouse: Sabina Strößenreuther	1925 Census for Margarethe Harder (parents of Margarethe Harder, as Ehrhart Barthman and Lavina Stroessenreuter)
	Date: [abt. 1855]	1910 U.S. Census (calculated: would have been married 54 years in April 1910)
	Place: German Confederation	1925 Census for Margarethe Harder (as Germany; parents of Margarethe Harder, as Ehrhart Barthman and Lavina Stroessenreuter)
Children	4 or more	—
	Johann Georg Barthmann	1910 U.S. Census
	Johann Valentin Barthmann	Wisconsin Marriages for John V. Barthman (father of John V. Barthman, as Erhardt Barthman)
	Anna Margaretha (Barthmann) Harder	1925 Census for Margarethe Harder (father of Margarethe Harder, as Ehrhart Barthman)
	Andreas Barthmann	1895 Iowa Census
Immigration to United States	3 August 1882 (age 52), Port of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Immigration card (as Edward Baethmann)

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Pictures

[Image: Close-up of Erhard Barthmann] — Sabina (Strößenreuther) Barthmann, Erhard Barthmann, and their son Andreas Barthmann, ca. late 1870s

[Image: Sabina, Erhard, Andreas Barthmann] — Sabina (Strößenreuther) Barthmann, Erhard Barthmann, and their son Andreas Barthmann, ca. late 1870s

Birth and death

Erhard Barthmann was born on 26 December 1829 in the village of Birk, Franken, Kirchenlamitz, Upper Main, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Confederation. Now Birk is in Weißenstadt, Wunsiedel, Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Federal Republic of Germany.

Erhardt Barthman died on 7 July 1914 at his home in Sac City, Jackson township, Sac county, Iowa, United States. He is buried in Wall Lake, Sac county, Iowa, United States.

Birth

The following table contrasts the administrative units of government around Birk when Erhard was born there in 1829 with the current ones:

Birk within Germany, 1829 and current
English		German
1829	Current	1829	Current
Sources: Data from: Heyberger et al. 1868, 960 [p. 324; in German]. Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online, s.v. “Birk” (site in German).
Birk [locality]	Birk [locality]	Ort Birk	Ort Birk
Franken municipality	Weißenstadt urban municipality	Gemeinde Franken	Gemeinde Weißenstadt, Stadt
Kirchenlamitz regional judicial district	Wunsiedel administrative district	Landgericht Kirchenlamitz	Landkreis Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge [Wunsiedel in the Fichtel Mountains]
Upper Main district	Upper Franconia administrative region	Obermainkreis	Regierungsbezirk Oberfranken
Kingdom of Bavaria	Bavaria [state]	Königreich Bayern	Freistaat Bayern
German Confederation	Federal Republic of Germany	Deutscher Bund	Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Death

Obituary for Erhardt Barthman, 1914

—Erhardt Barthman, a former resident of Wall Lake died at his home at Sac City, Tuesday. The remains were brought to Wall Lake today and entered beside those of his deceased wife.

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Education

For eight years, from 1835 to 1843, Erhard Barthmann attended Werktagsschule ‘weekday school’ in Weißenstadt, Kingdom of Bavaria. On 1 May 1843 (age 13) he was graduated and referred to Sonntagsschule ‘Sunday school’.

Six years later, on 1 May 1849 (age 19), he was graduated from Sonntagsschule in Weißenstadt, Kingdom of Bavaria.

Both graduations are attested in the graduation certificate below:

[Image: Erhard Barthmann school grades (marks)] — Graduation certificate for Erhard Barthmann, 1 May 1849

Transcription and translation of graduation certificate for Erhard Barthmann, 1 May 1849

Source: German version reprinted from photocopy, Weissenstadt, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Confederation, graduation certificate, 1 May 1849, Erhard Barthmann; photocopy obtained by Harry V. Barthman (subject’s grandson) while visiting Bavaria, late 1970s; transcription and translation by IrishDanishGermanHeritage.

Note: German Dezembr = Dezember ‘December’ and königl. = königlich ‘royal’. Weißenstadt [Weissenstadt] town is northwest of Birk village.

English
translation

No.

Graduation Certificate

for Erhard Barthmann
born on the 26^th of December 1829 in Birk.

I. Weekday School.

The above-mentioned attended weekday school from his 6^th to his 14^th year, earned the following grades:

Intellectual Gifts		very good
Diligence		good
School Attendance		diligent
Moral Conduct		laudable
Knowledge:	Religious Education:	very good
	Reading:	very good
	Spelling:	good
	Writing [handwriting]:	very good
	Written Compositions:	mediocre
	Mental Arithmetic:	good
	Slate Arithmetic:	very good
	World and National Studies:	good
	Drawing:	———
	Singing:	very good

was graduated this day from weekday school, and was referred to Sunday school for further education.

Weissenstadt on the 1^st of May 1843.
Local School Inspectorate	Instructor Wunschul	Royal District School Inspectorate
Wisbacha, assistant pastor		Meyer

II. Sunday School.

The above-mentioned was graduated as well from Sunday school, in accordance with a preceding examination with the following grades:

Attendance of the School:	diligent
Attendance of Christian Instruction:
Knowledge:	very good
Conduct:	laudable
Further Remarks:

Weissenstadt on the 1^st of May 1849.
Local School Inspectorate	Instructor Wunschul	Royal District School Inspectorate
Cloetz		Linn

German
original

No.

Schul-Entlassungsschein

für Erhard Barthmann
geboren den 26^ten Dezembr. 1829 zu Birk.

I. Werktagsschule.

Obengenannter besuchte die Werktagsschule vom 6^ten bis 14^ten Jahre, erwarb sich folgende Noten:

Geistesgaben		sehr gut
Fleiß		gut
Schulbesuch		fleißig
Sittliches Verhalten		lobenswerth
Kenntnisse:	Religion:	sehr gut
	Lesen:	sehr gut
	Rechtschreiben:	gut
	Schönschreiben:	sehr gut
	Schriftliche Aufsätze:	mittelmäßig
	Kopfrechnen:	gut
	Tafelrechnen:	sehr gut
	Welt- und Vaterlandskunde:	gut
	Zeichnen:	———
	Gesang:	sehr gut

wurde am heutigen aus der Werktagsschule entlassen und zur weiteren Fortbildung an die Sonntagsschule verwiesen.

Weissenstadt den 1^ten May 1843.
Lokal-Schul-Inspektion	Lehrer Wunschul	Königl. Distrikts-Schul-Inspektion
Wisbacha, zweiter Pfarrer		Meyer

II. Sonntagsschule.

Obengenannte wurde nach vorausgegangener Prüfung mit folgenden Noten auch aus der Sonntagsschule entlassen:

Besuch der Schule:	fleißig
Besuch der Christenlehre:
Kenntnisse:	sehr gut
Betragen:	lobenswerth
Sonstige Bemerkungen:

Weissenstadt den 1^ten May 1849.
Lokal-Schul-Inspektion	Lehrer Wunschul	Königl. Distrikts-Schul-Inspektion
Cloetz		Linn

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Residences and occupations

Erhard Barthmann moved from the village of Birk, Bavaria, Germany, to the nearby village of Vordorf (where his wife was born and their children would be born), as shown in the map below:

Interactive map of Birk to Vordorf in Bavaria, Germany

The following table contrasts the administrative units of government around Vordorf when Erhard’s first child, Johann Georg Barthmann [George Barthman], was born there in 1856 with the current ones:

Vordorf within Germany, 1856 and current
English		German
1856 Johann Georg Barthmann birth	Current	1856 Johann Georg Barthmann birth	Current
Sources: Data from: Heyberger et al. 1868, col. 959 [p. 324; in German]. Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online, s.v. “Vordorf” [site in German].
Vordorf [locality]	Vordorf [locality]	Ort Vordorf	Ort Vordorf
Vordorf municipality	Tröstau municipality	Gemeinde Vordorf	Gemeinde Tröstau
Wunsiedel regional judicial district	Wunsiedel administrative district	Landgericht Wunsiedel	Landkreis Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge [Wunsiedel in the Fichtel Mountains]
Upper Franconia administrative region	Upper Franconia administrative region	Regierungsbezirk Oberfranken	Regierungsbezirk Oberfranken
Kingdom of Bavaria	Bavaria [state]	Königreich Bayern	Freistaat Bayern
German Confederation	Federal Republic of Germany	Deutscher Bund	Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Erhard & Sabina (Strößenreuther) Barthmann home on the Strößenreuther farm in Vordorf, Kingdom of Bavaria
Source: Data from Thiem 1973, 209–210; translation by IrishDanishGermanHeritage. ^aAccording to Benz, a half farm (halber Hof) is about 30–40 Tagwerke (Heimatgeschichte: Regen als Pfarrdorf), which is 25.26–33.68 ac = 10.23–13.64 ha. ^bThe Bavarian Tagwerk (Tgw; literally, a “day’s work” of plowing) is an old unit of measure. One Tgw = 36675.549 square feet = 3,407.27 square meters (Kuhn 2012, 263n76 [preview in Google Books]). Thus, 1 Tgw is about 0.842 ac = 0.341 ha and agrees with Fenton (1869)’s 100 Tgw = 84⅕ ac (p. 69n).
Farm size (for taxation)	half farm^a
Fields, meadows, and woods	Fields: 10 Tagwerke^b [8.42 acres = 3.41 hectares]
	Meadows: 16⅞ Tgw [14.21 ac = 5.75 ha]
	Woods: 8 ⁹/₁₂ Tgw [7.37 ac =2.98 ha]
	Total: 35⅝ Tgw [30 ac = 12.15 ha]
Structures	new house with nearby stables
	barn with nearby shed
	separate sheep-pen
	milk storage pit [Milchgrube] in the community
House Nos. 21 & 21 a	Built: No. 21: by 1727; No. 21 a: after 1845
House Nos. 21 & 21 a	Owners: Georg Bauer (1727), Adam Bauer (1737), Johann Schöffel (1751), Johann Wolfgang Schöffel (1774), Katharina (Schöffel) Fickentscher, Heinrich Fickentscher (1832), Andreas Fickentscher, Wolf Adam Strößenreuther (bought 17 February 1846 from Andreas Fickentscher), Maria Strößenreuther, by now also No. 21 a, Christof Strößenreuther, Maria Strößenreuther, Christof Strößenreuther, Klara Strößenreuther, Hermann and Anna Strößenreuther, Robert Strößenreuther, [non-Strößenreuther] (1971)
House No. 21 b	Built: probably ca. 1850
House No. 21 b	Owners: Sabine Barthmann (wife of Erhardt Barthmann, farmer), Johann Panzer, Susanne Panzer, Georg and Johanna Panzer, Adolf and Berta Benker, Evangelical Lutheran Church administration, [non-Strößenreuther] (1970)
Beer tavern at No. 21 b	Dates: 1 July 1881–25 July 1914
Beer tavern at No. 21 b	First proprietor: Erhardt Barthmann
Outbuilding adjoining No. 21 b	Original: dance hall
	Church-owned era: added second story and turned building into youth center
	World War II: prisoner-of-war housing
	Post-war: temporary refugee camp
	By 1973: dilapidated

Leaseholders of the Vordorf local hunting reserve (*Ortsjagd Vordorf*), Kingdom of Bavaria
Date	Leaseholder	Rent
Source: Data from Thiem 1973, 252; translation by IrishDanishGermanHeritage. ^aVordorf and nearby Leupoldsdorf are villages now within Tröstau municipality, Wunsiedel administrative district, Upper Franconia administrative region, Bavaria, Germany. ^bThere were 60 Southern German kreuzers in a Southern German gulden (guilder, or florin). The German mark replaced the Southern German gulden by 1876 (following German unification in 1871), and 1 mark was set at 35 Southern German kreuzers (Caspar 1889, 1349). Thus, 39 guldens and 55 kreuzers = about 68.43 marks (and 76 marks = 44 guldens and 20 kreuzers). In 1875, 1 mark = U.S. $0.238 (Mains 1876, 164), so 68.43 marks = about $16.286. Adjusted for inflation, $16.286, about 39 guldens and 55 kreuzers, in 1875 = $354.88 in 2015 (see Friedman, The Inflation Calculator). For the 76 marks in 1881: 1 mark = U.S. $0.238 (The Spectator Company 1881, 130), 76 marks = $18.088 in 1881 = $448.15 in 2015.
Original	[unknown]	—
To end of September 1862	Royal District Forest Warden Schunck of Vordorf	—
1 October 1862– 30 September 1868	Royal District Forest Warden Wilhelm Krodel of Vordorf	5 guldens
1 October 1868– 30 April 1875	[unknown]	—
1 May 1875– 31 December 1880	Erhardt Barthmann, tavern-keeper and farmer of Vordorf, and joint tenant Johann Purucker of Leupoldsdorf^a	39 guldens and 55 kreuzers per year^b
1 January 1881– 31 December 1885	Chief Forest Warden Wilhelm Krodel of Vordorf	76 marks per year^b
…

United States and Iowa Census data for Erhardt Barthman
Year	Location	Name	Relation	Sex	Age	Marital status	Birthplace	Father’s birthplace	Mother’s birthplace	Occupation	Other
Sources: Data from: 1895 Iowa State Census, Sac county, population schedule, Wall Lake town, Levey township, p. 695 (stamped), dwelling 90, family 90, Barthman; Iowa State Historical Department Museum and Archives (Des Moines, IA); FamilySearch, indexed database and digitized image, Erhard Barthman, image 535, citing State Historical Society (Des Moines, IA) and Family History Library microfilm 1,022,177, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VTQN-9TX. 1905 Iowa State Census, Cherokee county, population schedule, Pitcher township, Aurelia post office, card 66, Erheart Bordman; FamilySearch, indexed database and digitized image, Erheart Bordman, image 789, citing State Historical Department (Des Moines, IA) and Family History Library microfilm 1,430,331, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVM5-M9LJ. 1910 United States Census, Sac county, Iowa, population schedule, Jackson township, enumeration district 132, sheet 4A, dwelling 72, family 72, Barthman; FamilySearch, indexed database and digitized image, Erhart Barthman, image 7, citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm publication T624 and Family History Library microfilm 1,374,435, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MG9H-Y5T. ^aWall Lake town is part in Levey township and part in Viola township. It is not in Wall Lake township.
1890	[Mostly destroyed by fire in 1921]
23 April 1895	Wall Lake town, Levey township^a, Sac county, Iowa, United States	Barthman, Erhard		Male	65	Married	Germany	Foreign	[Not viewable]	Laborer	—
		Barthman, Sabina		Female	61	Married	Germany	Foreign	[Not viewable]	~~[K]eeping house~~	—
		Barthman, Andreas		Male	18	Single	Germany	Foreign	[Not viewable]	Laborer	—
1900	[Not found]
1905	Pitcher township (Aurelia post office), Cherokee county, Iowa, United States	[Household members inferred from other censuses and 1905 individual cards with sequential nos. 66–70]
		Bordman, Erheart		Male	75	Widowed	Germany	Germany	Germany	Retired	22 years in U.S., 20 years in Iowa, not naturalized
		Harder, Henry		Male	52	Married	Germany	Germany	Germany	Farming	21 years in U.S., 19 years in Iowa, naturalized
		Harder, Maggie		Female	40	Married	Germany	Germany	Germany	—	22 years in U.S., 20 years in Iowa
		Harder, Maggie S.		Female	13	—	Pitcher Twp. Ia	Germany	Germany	—	13 years in Iowa
		Harder, Fred		Male	11	—	Pitcher Twp. Ia	Germany	Germany	—	11 years in Iowa
21 April 1910	Jackson township, Sac county, Iowa, United States	Barthman, George	Head	Male	54	Married (30 years)	Ger. German	Ger. German	Ger. German	Farmer: Home Farm	Immigration: 1880, naturalized; able to speak English
		Barthman, Barbara	Wife	Female	56	Married (30 years)	Ger. German	Ger. German	Ger German	None	10 children, 8 living; immigration: 1880 [automatically naturalized through husband]; unable to speak English (speaks German)
		Barthman, Emma	Daughter	Female	23	Single	Iowa	Ger. German	Ger German	None	—
		Barthman, Erhart	Son	Male	21	Single	Iowa	Ger German	Ger German	Farm Laborer: Home Farm	—
		Barthman, Minnie	Daughter	Female	19	Single	Iowa	Ger. German	Ger German	None	—
		Barthman, Andrew	Son	Male	17	Single	Iowa	Ger. German	Ger. German	Farm Laborer: Home Farm	—
		Barthman, Karl	Son	Male	14	Single	Iowa	Ger. German	Ger German	Farm Laborer: Home Farm	—
		Barthman, Erhart	Father	Male	80	Widowed (married 54 years)	Ger German	Ger. German	Ger German	None	Immigration: 1882, alien; unable to speak English (speaks German)
1920	[Deceased]

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Immigration

Erhard Barthmann; his wife, Sabina (Strößenreuther) Barthmann; their daughter, Anna Margaretha Barthmann; and their youngest son, Andreas Barthmann, immigrated to America together in 1882.

They embarked at the Port of Antwerp, Belgium, and crossed the Atlantic on the SS Switzerland. On 3 August 1882 they passed through the Port of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

Ship manifest

The ship manifest and immigration card for Erhard Barthmann are transcribed below:

Transcription of ship manifest for Erhard, Sabina, Margaretha, and Andreas Barthmann, 3 August 1882

Form No. 2.–B.	International Navigation Company, Red Star Line.					2227.–6,17,’80.–CA Bks.
	Report or Manifest of all Passengers taken on board the S.S. Switzerland whereof John Clarke Jamison is Master, from Antwerp Belgium burthen 2816 Tons and owned by International Navigation Company of Philadelphia and bound to Philadelphia

Names

Age

Sex

Occupation

To what Country belonging

Country of which it is their intention to become Inhabitants

Number and Names of Passengers who died on the Voyage

Sources: Reprinted from digitized microfilm images, list 83, microcopy 425, roll 108, in Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Philadelphia, 1800–1882, National Archives Microfilm Publications (Washington, DC: The National Archives, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1963), image 257, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-18402-93249-98?cc=1908535 and image 258, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-18402-92436-97?cc=1908535 [FamilySearch index, Erhard, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8CJ-F5M; Sabina, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8CJ-F59; Andreas, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8CJ-F5S; and Margaretha, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8CJ-F5G].

The manifest is dated 3–4 August 1882 in the microfilm record (FamilySearch image 254, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-18402-92053-92?cc=1908535), affirmed by the boarding office on 3 August 1882 (FamilySearch image 275, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-18402-93712-8?cc=1908535), and affirmed by the ship’s master on 4 August 1882 (FamilySearch image 274, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-18402-93938-48?cc=1908535).

Note: Margaretha and Andreas’s ages are correct, but Erhard was 52 not 42 and Sabina was 48 not 40.

[…]

41 Barthmann Edward

Farmer

Germany

U.S.

42 Barthmann Savina

Germany

U.S.

43 Barthmann Andreas

Germany

U.S.

[…]

63 Barthmann Marguerite

Domestic

Germany

U.S.

Transcription of immigration card for Erhard Barthmann, 3 August 1882
Source: Reprinted from digitized microfilm image, microcopy 360, roll 4, Immigration form 548–C, Immigration and Naturalization Service, United States Department of Labor, in Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Philadelphia, 1800–1906, National Archives Microfilm Publications (Washington, DC: The National Archives, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1961), image 4204, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1971-37408-3288-37?cc=2173965 [FamilySearch index, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/QV9Y-4C7B]. Note: “Baethmann” was a misreading of the handwritten “Barthmann” on the manifest. “Edward” for Erhard and age “42” for 52 were errors on the manifest copied faithfully onto the card. See the manifest: Digitized microfilm image, list 83, microcopy 425, roll 108, in Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Philadelphia, 1800–1882, National Archives Microfilm Publications (Washington, DC: The National Archives, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1963), image 257, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-18402-93249-98?cc=1908535 [FamilySearch index, Erhard, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8CJ-F5M; Sabina, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8CJ-F59; and Andreas, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8CJ-F5S].
~~B – 655~~ B944
Family name Baethmann				Given name Edward
Accompanied by
Age Yrs. 42 Mos.	Sex M	M. S. W. D.	Occupation Farmer		Nationality Germany
Last permanent residence (town country, etc.)						Destination U.S.
Port of entry Philadelphia, Pa			Name of vessel S.S. Switzerland				Date 8/3/82
Department of Labor, Immigration and Naturalization Service. Form 548–C 14–3215

United States information

The United States of the time is profiled in the table below:

Profile of 1882 America
Population	1880 U.S. Census: 50,189,209
Population		Source: 1880 Fast Facts, United States Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1880_fast_facts.html.
Number of states	38 (most recent: Colorado, 1876)
Number of states		Source: States and Their Admission to the Union, About Education, About.com, http://americanhistory.about.com/od/states/a/state_admission.htm.
President	Chester A. Arthur (in office 1881–1885)
President		Source: The U.S. Presidents, About Education, About.com, http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldleaders/a/uspresidents.htm.
Number of immigrant arrivals	788,992 (250,630 from German Empire)
Number of immigrant arrivals		Source: Table 9.—“Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 1910 [By Country of Origin],” in Immigration Commission 1911, 34.
Arrival day	On 3 August 1882: U.S. Congress passed the 1882 Immigration Act, levying a fifty-cent immigrant head-tax on shipping companies (to help pay for immigration regulation) and barring convicts, lunatics, idiots, and those who would be a burden on society.
Arrival day		Source: United States Congress 1883, 214.
New American slang	ca. 1880s: beats me, bossy, catch on (understand; become popular), honey (sweetheart), loads of
New American slang		Source: Kipfer & Chapman 2007, svv. [the individual terms].

[Image: Map of United States] — Map of United States at arrival of Erhard Barthmann on 3 August 1882 (38 states)

[Image: U.S. dollar coin] — 1882 U.S. dollar

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Reference list

Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online: Das Portal zu Geschichte und Kultur des Freistaats [Bavarian State Library Online: The Portal to the History and Culture of the State], http://www.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/ [site in German].
Benz, Christian. Heimatgeschichte: Regen als Pfarrdorf [Hometown History: Regen as Parish Village], Ahnenforschung von Christian Benz [Genealogy by Christian Benz], http://www.ahnenforschung-benz.de/pfrrdorf.htm.
Caspar, C[arl] N[icolaus]. 1889. Caspar’s Directory of the American Book, News and Stationery Trade. Milwaukee, WI: C. N. Caspar’s Book Emporium, https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ7PAAAAMAAJ.
Fenton, H[enry] P[hilip]. 1869. “Bavaria,” in Further Reports No. 1 of Reports by Her Majesty’s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation on the Manufactures, Commerce, &c. of the Countries in Which They Reside, in Accounts and Papers [of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]. London: Harrison and Sons, 28:67–110, http://books.google.com/books?id=mStcAAAAQAAJ [PDF pp. 284–327].
Friedman, Morgan. The Inflation Calculator, http://www.westegg.com/inflation/.
Heyberger, Joseph, Christian Schmitt, August Wilhelm von Wachter. 1868. Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern [Bavaria: Study of the Country and People of the Kingdom of Bavaria], vol. 5. Munich: Literarisch-artistische Anstalt der J.G. Cotta’schen Buchhandlung [Literary-artistic Institute of J. G. Cotta’s Bookstore], https://books.google.com/books?id=fQNKAAAAcAAJ.
Immigration Commission. 1911. Reports of the Immigration Commission. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1820–1910. Distribution of Immigrants, 1850–1900. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, https://archive.org/details/reportsofimmigra03unitrich.
Kipfer, Barbara Ann, and Robert L. Chapman, eds. 2007. Dictionary of American Slang. 4th ed. New York: Collins.
Kuhn, Gabriel, ed. and trans. 2012. All Power to the Councils!: A Documentary History of the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012 [preview of All Power to the Councils! in Google Books].
Mains, John P., compiler. 1876. Annual Statistician, 1876. San Francisco, CA: L. P. McCarty, https://books.google.com/books?id=JddDAQAAMAAJ.
The Spectator Company. 1881. The Insurance Year Book, 1881–82. New York: The Spectator Company, https://books.google.com/books?id=OhDZAAAAMAAJ.
Thiem, Rudolf. 1973. “Vordorf, Kr. [Landkreis] Wunsiedel: Geschichte einer Landgemeinde,” in Archiv für Geschichte von Oberfranken [“Vordorf, Wunsiedel: History of a Rural Community,” in Archive for the History of Upper Franconia], vol. 53. Bayreuth, Germany: Bayreuth Historischer Verein für Oberfranken [Bayreuth Historical Society for Upper Franconia], 179–260.
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