Germany
Irish–Danish–German Heritage
Introduction | German Confederation | North German Confederation | German Empire | German farm | Reference list
Introduction
Germany (Deutschland), in full: the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) since 1949, lies in Western Europe. Its capital is Berlin. In 1990 East Germany joined the Federal Republic (West Germany) and formed a reunified Germany.
Relevant families:
- Barthmann [Barthman]
- Harder
- Kroeger
- Müller
- Strößenreuther
Relevant state: Bavaria
See also: German Emigration
Maps:
English | German |
---|---|
|
|
Baden–Württemberg | Baden–Württemberg |
Bavaria | Freistaat Bayerna |
Berlin [city state] | Stadtstaat Berlin |
Brandenburg | Brandenburg |
Bremen [city state] | Freie Hansestadt Bremenb |
Hamburg [city state] | Freie und Hansestadt Hamburgb |
Hesse | Hessen |
Lower Saxony | Niedersachsen |
Mecklenburg–Vorpommern | Mecklenburg–Vorpommern |
North Rhine–Westphalia | Nordrhein–Westfalen |
Rhineland–Palatinate | Rheinland–Pfalz |
Saarland | Saarland |
Saxony | Freistaat Sachsena |
Saxony–Anhalt | Sachsen–Anhalt |
Schleswig–Holstein | Schleswig–Holstein |
Thuringia | Freistaat Thüringena |
German Confederation
For half of the 19th century, German regions were in the loosely connected German Confederation (Deutscher Bund, 1815–1866). The confederation was set up by the Congress of Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
The flag of the German Confederation was a slightly narrower version (2:3 ratio) of the current flag of the Federal Republic of Germany (3:5 ratio):
German Confederation flag
Federal Republic of Germany flag
The following two maps show the German Confederation, which included the main part of the Austrian Empire (1804–1867) and other surrounding regions:
English | German |
---|---|
Austrian Empire | Kaisertum [Kaiserreich] Österreich |
Kingdom of Prussia | Königreich Preußen |
Kingdom of Bavaria | Königreich Bayern |
Kingdom of Saxony | Königreich Sachsen |
Kingdom of Hanover | Königreich Hannover |
Kingdom of Württemberg | Königreich Württemberg |
Electorate of Hesse | Kurfürstentum Hessen |
Grand Duchy of Baden | Großherzogtum Baden |
Grand Duchy of Hesse | Großherzogtum Hessen |
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | Großherzogtum Luxemburg |
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Schwerin | Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Schwerin |
Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach | Großherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach |
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Strelitz | Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Strelitz |
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg | Großherzogtum Oldenburg |
The illustrations below are from a German book on traditional clothing of the world:
North German Confederation
After the Austro–Prussian War (Seven Weeks’ War, 14 June–23 August 1866), the winning side of Prussia and northern German allies formed the North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund, 1867–1871).
The new confederation lacked the war’s losing side of Austria (which became part of Austria–Hungary, 1867–1918) and Austria’s southern German allies: the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, and the southern part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse.
The map below shows the North German Confederation:
Within southern Germany, the North German Confederation included
- an enclave within northern Bavaria of the Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach (Großherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach).
- an enclave within northern Bavaria of the Duchy of Saxe–Coburg and Gotha (Herzogtum Sachsen–Coburg und Gotha).
- an exclave (detached part not necessarily within another state) in southwestern Germany of the Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen): the Province of Hohenzollern (Provinz Hohenzollern).
The following map shows the southern German areas that were in the North German Confederation:
English | German | |
---|---|---|
|
||
Kingdom of Prussia | Königreich Preußen | |
Kingdom of Saxony | Königreich Sachsen | |
Kingdom of Hanover | Königreich Hannover | |
Grand Duchy of Hessea | Großherzogtum Hessen | |
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Schwerin | Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Schwerin | |
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Strelitz | Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Strelitz | |
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg | Großherzogtum Oldenburg | |
Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach | Großherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach |
German Empire
After the Franco–Prussian War (19 July 1870–10 May 1871), Alsace–Lorraine was annexed from France. Also, the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, and the southern part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in southern Germany joined the former North German Confederation regions to establish the first unified Germany: the German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, 1871–1918), as shown in the following three maps:
English | German |
---|---|
Kingdom of Prussia | Königreich Preußen |
Kingdom of Bavaria | Königreich Bayern |
Kingdom of Saxony | Königreich Sachsen |
Kingdom of Württemberg | Königreich Württemberg |
Grand Duchy of Baden | Großherzogtum Baden |
Grand Duchy of Hesse | Großherzogtum Hessen |
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Schwerin | Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Schwerin |
Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach | Großherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach |
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Strelitz | Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Strelitz |
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg | Großherzogtum Oldenburg |
Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine | Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen |
The following is a Victorian trade card for Arbuckle Bros. coffee of New York City:
German farm
The illustrations below show a typical German farm and farm tools of the late 19th century:
Reference list
- Colbeck, Charles, ed. 1905. The Public Schools Historical Atlas. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_colbeck_1905.html.
- Lebahn, Falck, ed. 1879. Symbolisches Englisch–Deutsches Wörterbuch; The Symbolic Anglo-German Vocabulary. London: Crosby Lockwood and Company, https://books.google.com/books?id=mzRAAAAAYAAJ.
- Rosenberg, Adolf, and Eduard Heyck. 1905. Geschichte des Kostüms [History of Costumes], vol. 4. New York: E. Weyhe, https://archive.org/details/geschichtedeskos04rose [in German; other volumes: 1 (includes table of contents for all volumes), 2, 3, 5].
- Shepherd, William R. 1911. Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_shepherd_1911.html.
- Shepherd, William R. 1926. Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_shepherd_1923.html.