[Image: Cropped map of 1871–1914 Europe; Text: Irish-Danish-German Heritage]

(Europe, 1871–1914)

Germany

Irish–Danish–German Heritage

Introduction

[Image: German flag]

[Image: Germanic Gothic script; Text: Deutschland (Germany)]

Germany (Deutschland), in full: the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) since 1949, lies in Western Europe. Its capital is Berlin. In 1990 East Germany joined the Federal Republic (West Germany) and formed a reunified Germany.

Relevant families:

Relevant state: Bavaria

See also: German Emigration

Berlin, capital of Germany
[Image: Berlin skyline]

Maps:

Map of Europe highlighting Germany
[Image: Map of Europe]
Map of Germany and surrounding countries
[Image: Cropped map of Europe]

Source: Adapted from public-domain image of map by United States Central Intelligence Agency, Europe, 2008, http://www.loc.gov/item/2008620735/; image cropped; disclaimer on map: “Names and boundary representation are not necessarily authoritative.”

Map of Germany
[Image: Map of Germany]
Map of states of Germany
[Image: Map of Germany]
States (Länder) of Germany
EnglishGerman
  • aBavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia still use the designation free state (Freistaat), which in Germany is a post-monarchy republic.
  • bThe city state of Bremen actually includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven and uses the designation Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen), based on the Northern German medieval Hanseatic League (Hanse) of merchant guilds and market towns. The city state of Hamburg is similarly the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg).
Baden–WürttembergBaden–Württemberg
BavariaFreistaat Bayerna
Berlin [city state]Stadtstaat Berlin
BrandenburgBrandenburg
Bremen [city state]Freie Hansestadt Bremenb
Hamburg [city state]Freie und Hansestadt Hamburgb
HesseHessen
Lower SaxonyNiedersachsen
Mecklenburg–VorpommernMecklenburg–Vorpommern
North Rhine–WestphaliaNordrhein–Westfalen
Rhineland–PalatinateRheinland–Pfalz
SaarlandSaarland
SaxonyFreistaat Sachsena
Saxony–AnhaltSachsen–Anhalt
Schleswig–HolsteinSchleswig–Holstein
ThuringiaFreistaat Thüringena

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German Confederation

[Image: German Confederation flag]

[Image: Germanic Gothic script; Text: Deutscher Bund (German Confederation)]

For half of the 19th century, German regions were in the loosely connected German Confederation (Deutscher Bund, 1815–1866). The confederation was set up by the Congress of Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).

The flag of the German Confederation was a slightly narrower version (2:3 ratio) of the current flag of the Federal Republic of Germany (3:5 ratio):

[Image: German Confederation flag] German Confederation flag
[Image: German flag] Federal Republic of Germany flag

The following two maps show the German Confederation, which included the main part of the Austrian Empire (1804–1867) and other surrounding regions:

Map of Europe highlighting the German Confederation, 1815
[Image: Map of Europe]
Map of German Confederation and surrounding countries, 1815
[Image: Cropped map of Europe]

Source: Adapted from public-domain image by Longmans, Green, and Co., Europe 1815, in Colbeck 1905, map 99; courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin; image straightened and cropped.

Map of states of German Confederation, 1815–1866
[Image: Map of German Confederation]
Major states of German Confederation, 1815–1866
EnglishGerman
Austrian EmpireKaisertum [Kaiserreich] Österreich
Kingdom of PrussiaKönigreich Preußen
Kingdom of BavariaKönigreich Bayern
Kingdom of SaxonyKönigreich Sachsen
Kingdom of HanoverKönigreich Hannover
Kingdom of WürttembergKönigreich Württemberg
Electorate of HesseKurfürstentum Hessen
Grand Duchy of BadenGroßherzogtum Baden
Grand Duchy of HesseGroßherzogtum Hessen
Grand Duchy of LuxembourgGroßherzogtum Luxemburg
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–SchwerinGroßherzogtum Mecklenburg–Schwerin
Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–EisenachGroßherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–StrelitzGroßherzogtum Mecklenburg–Strelitz
Grand Duchy of OldenburgGroßherzogtum Oldenburg

The illustrations below are from a German book on traditional clothing of the world:

Deutschland, Um 1820 [Germany, Around 1820]
[Image: Men, one painting, in the mountains]

Source: Reproduced from image of etching by Johann Adam Klein based on his own drawing (Die Maler auf der Reise [Artists on a Trip], 1819), used in the following book for panel titled Deutschland, Um 1820 [Germany, Around 1820], in Rosenberg & Heyck 1905, vol. 4, panel 282; image straightened, caption in the cited book.

Note: The picture portrays some Munich artists on a painting trip in August 1818 in the regions of Berchtesgaden and Königssee lake in the Bavarian Alps (Rosenberg & Heyck 1905, vol. 4, panel 282 introduction [in German]).

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North German Confederation

[Image: North German Confederation flag]

[Image: Germanic Gothic script; Text: Norddeutscher Bund (North German Confederation)]

After the Austro–Prussian War (Seven Weeks’ War, 14 June–23 August 1866), the winning side of Prussia and northern German allies formed the North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund, 1867–1871).

The new confederation lacked the war’s losing side of Austria (which became part of Austria–Hungary, 1867–1918) and Austria’s southern German allies: the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, and the southern part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse.

The map below shows the North German Confederation:

Map of Europe highlighting the North German Confederation, 1867
[Image: Map of Europe]

Within southern Germany, the North German Confederation included

The following map shows the southern German areas that were in the North German Confederation:

Map of small southern German areas of North German Confederation (from top: Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach, Duchy of Saxe–Coburg and Gotha, and Province of Hohenzollern)
[Image: Close-up of map of North German Confederation]
Map of states of North German Confederation, 1867–1871
[Image: Map of German Confederation]
Major states of North German Confederation, 1867–1871
EnglishGerman
  • aOf the Grand Duchy of Hesse, only the Province of Upper Hesse (Provinz Oberhessen) to the north joined the North German Confederation.
Kingdom of PrussiaKönigreich Preußen
Kingdom of SaxonyKönigreich Sachsen
Kingdom of HanoverKönigreich Hannover
Grand Duchy of HesseaGroßherzogtum Hessen
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–SchwerinGroßherzogtum Mecklenburg–Schwerin
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–StrelitzGroßherzogtum Mecklenburg–Strelitz
Grand Duchy of OldenburgGroßherzogtum Oldenburg
Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–EisenachGroßherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach

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German Empire

[Image: German Empire flag]

[Image: Germanic Gothic script; Text: Deutsches Kaiserreich (German Empire)]

After the Franco–Prussian War (19 July 1870–10 May 1871), Alsace–Lorraine was annexed from France. Also, the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, and the southern part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in southern Germany joined the former North German Confederation regions to establish the first unified Germany: the German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, 1871–1918), as shown in the following three maps:

Map of Europe highlighting the German Empire, 1914
[Image: Map of Europe]
Map of German Empire and surrounding countries, 1871–1914
[Image: Cropped map of Europe]
Map of states of German Empire, 1871–1914
[Image: Map of German Empire]
Major states of German Empire, 1871–1914
EnglishGerman
Kingdom of PrussiaKönigreich Preußen
Kingdom of BavariaKönigreich Bayern
Kingdom of SaxonyKönigreich Sachsen
Kingdom of WürttembergKönigreich Württemberg
Grand Duchy of BadenGroßherzogtum Baden
Grand Duchy of HesseGroßherzogtum Hessen
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–SchwerinGroßherzogtum Mecklenburg–Schwerin
Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–EisenachGroßherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–StrelitzGroßherzogtum Mecklenburg–Strelitz
Grand Duchy of OldenburgGroßherzogtum Oldenburg
Imperial Territory of Alsace–LorraineReichsland Elsaß–Lothringen
1875 German Empire one-mark coin, obverse
[Image: German mark coin]
1875 German Empire one-mark coin, reverse
[Image: German mark coin]

The following is a Victorian trade card for Arbuckle Bros. coffee of New York City:

Germany.
Front
[Image: German people engaged in pastimes]
Back
[Image: Text (see below)]
Transcription of article

Germany.

For general solidity of character, intellectual attainments, heartiness of manner and sterling worth, the Germans as a nation are noted.

Perhaps part of the good health the Germans are famed for, is due to their general practice of drinking beer. This wholesome beverage cheers but never inebriates at least in Germany where the Government keenly guards against adulteration. The drinking of beer is so universal that it has been the founder of the Kneipe. There are not saloons, nor are they club houses. They are orderly establishments for public entertainment, and their guests are sedate and regular habitues. Here beer drinking is indulged in to the heart’s content by its devotees.

In the eighteenth century there was a great gymnastic revival in Germany, and in 1810 a teacher named Jahn established gymnastic schools throughout the country. From them sprung the associations called Turn Vereine.[a] They were suppressed for a time by the Government, but were largely reorganized in 1848. These societies have done much to make gymnastics popular. Swimming schools are a feature of German education. Here the art of propelling one’s self in water is most carefully taught. Comparatively few males reach manhood who have not learned to swim.

Bowling has become a national institution in Germany. Every little hamlet, if it does not possess its club, at least owns a champion. Every year a national bowling tournament is held in some large city and thither the champions and the clubs from everywhere flock. To win victory here, is indeed to challenge the world’s admiration. The Germans too, are great musicians. The greatest composers who ever lived were for the most part, Germans.

They enter into the pleasures of dancing with great vim and heartiness, and the waltz is in a measure of German invention.

Source: Reproduced from images of Victorian trade card by Kaufman & Strauss (New York, NY) for Arbuckle Bros. (New York, NY), Germany, ca. 1893 [painting, 1893], in History of the Sports and Pastimes of All Nations series, card no. 7 of 50, http://digital.lib.muohio.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/tradecards/id/4326/rec/128; brackets and footnote added, caption and errors in the original.

  • aJahn is Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852), founder of the German Turnverein (gymnastics club) movement.

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German farm

The illustrations below show a typical German farm and farm tools of the late 19th century:

Der Pachthof,—The Farm [of a tenant farmer].
[Image: Bilingual labeled drawing of farm buildings]

Source: Reproduced from screen capture of PDF of ebook, drawing, Der Pachthof,—The Farm, in Lebahn 1879, 124a, picture plate; pagination text removed, caption in the original [larger image].

Ackergeräth (n.)—Farm Implements.
First page
[Image: Bilingual labeled drawings of farm tools]
Second page
[Image: Bilingual labeled drawings of farm tools]

Source: Reproduced from screen captures of PDF of ebook, drawings, Ackergeräth (n.)—Farm Implements, in Lebahn 1879, 124–125; first image straightened; caption in the original.

Note: German words in modern typeface:

  • Pflug ‘plough’ [plow]
  • Egge ‘harrow’
  • Rolle ‘roller’
  • Haue ‘hoe’
  • Sichel ‘sickle’
  • Sense ‘scythe’
  • Dreschflegel ‘flail’ [threshing tool]
  • Schwinge ‘winnowing fan’ [basket for chaff removal by wind]
  • Knettrog ‘kneading trough’
  • Ofen ‘oven’
  • Schäferstab ‘shepherd’s crook’
  • Hundestall ‘kennel’ [doghouse]
  • Heckenscheere [Heckenschere] ‘clippers’
  • Bienenstock ‘beehive’
  • Honigscheibe ‘honeycomb’
  • Nest ‘nest’
  • Hühnerkorb ‘hencoop’
  • Milchschüssel ‘milkpan’
  • Butterfaß ‘churn’
  • Butterkrug ‘butter jar’
  • Milchsieb ‘milk drainer’
  • Koster / Stecheisen ‘taster’ [cheese taster (core sampler)]
  • Käsepresse ‘cheese press’
  • Kufe ‘vat’
  • Waschkübel ‘washtub’

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Reference list

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