Germany (Deutschland), in full: the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) since 1949, lies in Western Europe. Its capital is Berlin. In 1990 East Germany joined the Federal Republic (West Germany) and formed a reunified Germany.
Map of Europe highlighting GermanyMap of Germany and surrounding countriesMap of GermanyMap of states of Germany
States (Länder) of Germany
English
German
aBavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia still use the designation free state (Freistaat), which in Germany is a post-monarchy republic.
bThe city state of Bremen actually includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven and uses the designation Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen), based on the Northern German medieval Hanseatic League (Hanse) of merchant guilds and market towns. The city state of Hamburg is similarly the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg).
For half of the 19th century, German regions were in the loosely connected German Confederation (Deutscher Bund, 1815–1866). The confederation was set up by the Congress of Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
The flag of the German Confederation was a slightly narrower version (2:3 ratio) of the current flag of the Federal Republic of Germany (3:5 ratio):
German Confederation flag Federal Republic of Germany flag
The following two maps show the German Confederation, which included the main part of the Austrian Empire (1804–1867) and other surrounding regions:
Map of Europe highlighting the German Confederation, 1815Map of German Confederation and surrounding countries, 1815Map of states of German Confederation, 1815–1866
Major states of German Confederation, 1815–1866
English
German
Austrian Empire
Kaisertum [Kaiserreich] Österreich
Kingdom of Prussia
Königreich Preußen
Kingdom of Bavaria
Königreich Bayern
Kingdom of Saxony
Königreich Sachsen
Kingdom of Hanover
Königreich Hannover
Kingdom of Württemberg
Königreich Württemberg
Electorate of Hesse
Kurfürstentum Hessen
Grand Duchy of Baden
Großherzogtum Baden
Grand Duchy of Hesse
Großherzogtum Hessen
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Großherzogtum Luxemburg
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Schwerin
Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Schwerin
Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach
Großherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Strelitz
Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Strelitz
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
Großherzogtum Oldenburg
The illustrations below are from a German book on traditional clothing of the world:
After the Austro–Prussian War (Seven Weeks’ War, 14 June–23 August 1866), the winning side of Prussia and northern German allies formed the North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund, 1867–1871).
The new confederation lacked the war’s losing side of Austria (which became part of Austria–Hungary, 1867–1918) and Austria’s southern German allies: the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, and the southern part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse.
The map below shows the North German Confederation:
Map of Europe highlighting the North German Confederation, 1867
Within southern Germany, the North German Confederation included
an enclave within northern Bavaria of the Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach (Großherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach).
an enclave within northern Bavaria of the Duchy of Saxe–Coburg and Gotha (Herzogtum Sachsen–Coburg und Gotha).
an exclave (detached part not necessarily within another state) in southwestern Germany of the Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen): the Province of Hohenzollern (Provinz Hohenzollern).
The following map shows the southern German areas that were in the North German Confederation:
Map of small southern German areas of North German Confederation (from top: Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach, Duchy of Saxe–Coburg and Gotha, and Province of Hohenzollern)Map of states of North German Confederation, 1867–1871
Major states of North German Confederation, 1867–1871
English
German
aOf the Grand Duchy of Hesse, only the Province of Upper Hesse (Provinz Oberhessen) to the north joined the North German Confederation.
After the Franco–Prussian War (19 July 1870–10 May 1871), Alsace–Lorraine was annexed from France. Also, the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, and the southern part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in southern Germany joined the former North German Confederation regions to establish the first unified Germany: the German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, 1871–1918), as shown in the following three maps:
Map of Europe highlighting the German Empire, 1914Map of German Empire and surrounding countries, 1871–1914Map of states of German Empire, 1871–1914
Major states of German Empire, 1871–1914
English
German
Kingdom of Prussia
Königreich Preußen
Kingdom of Bavaria
Königreich Bayern
Kingdom of Saxony
Königreich Sachsen
Kingdom of Württemberg
Königreich Württemberg
Grand Duchy of Baden
Großherzogtum Baden
Grand Duchy of Hesse
Großherzogtum Hessen
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Schwerin
Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Schwerin
Grand Duchy of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach
Großherzogtum Sachsen–Weimar–Eisenach
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg–Strelitz
Großherzogtum Mecklenburg–Strelitz
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
Großherzogtum Oldenburg
Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine
Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen
1875 German Empire one-mark coin, obverse1875 German Empire one-mark coin, reverse
The following is a Victorian trade card for Arbuckle Bros. coffee of New York City:
Germany.FrontBackTranscription of article
Germany.
For general solidity of character, intellectual attainments, heartiness of manner and sterling worth, the Germans as a nation are noted.
Perhaps part of the good health the Germans are famed for, is due to their general practice of drinking beer. This wholesome beverage cheers but never inebriates at least in Germany where the Government keenly guards against adulteration. The drinking of beer is so universal that it has been the founder of the Kneipe. There are not saloons, nor are they club houses. They are orderly establishments for public entertainment, and their guests are sedate and regular habitues. Here beer drinking is indulged in to the heart’s content by its devotees.
In the eighteenth century there was a great gymnastic revival in Germany, and in 1810 a teacher named Jahn established gymnastic schools throughout the country. From them sprung the associations called Turn Vereine.[a] They were suppressed for a time by the Government, but were largely reorganized in 1848. These societies have done much to make gymnastics popular. Swimming schools are a feature of German education. Here the art of propelling one’s self in water is most carefully taught. Comparatively few males reach manhood who have not learned to swim.
Bowling has become a national institution in Germany. Every little hamlet, if it does not possess its club, at least owns a champion. Every year a national bowling tournament is held in some large city and thither the champions and the clubs from everywhere flock. To win victory here, is indeed to challenge the world’s admiration. The Germans too, are great musicians. The greatest composers who ever lived were for the most part, Germans.
They enter into the pleasures of dancing with great vim and heartiness, and the waltz is in a measure of German invention.
Lebahn, Falck, ed. 1879. Symbolisches Englisch–Deutsches Wörterbuch; The Symbolic Anglo-German Vocabulary. London: Crosby Lockwood and Company, https://books.google.com/books?id=mzRAAAAAYAAJ.
Rosenberg, Adolf, and Eduard Heyck. 1905. Geschichte des Kostüms [History of Costumes], vol. 4. New York: E. Weyhe, https://archive.org/details/geschichtedeskos04rose [in German; other volumes: 1 (includes table of contents for all volumes), 2, 3, 5].